Tate’s Tips: Cool Season Grasses

Tate’s Tips
A Series of Reflections on growing grass for forage

Issue 4.

Cool Season Grasses


There are many classifications of plants.

There are annual plants and these are plants that usually grow for a single season or a single crop. Annuals include tomatoes, potatoes and, in fact, most vegetables; corn, wheat, beans and most other commodity crops and forages such as Oats, millet, Crimson clover, sudex, sudan grasses and turnips, canola and other brassicas.

There are a few biannual plants which have a two year life cycle. The most notable of these from a production standpoint would be red clover, a very useful legume. Another would be Canada thistle, a weed.

Then there are longer lived plants which are known as perennials. Their lifespan is determined to a large degree by the growing conditions and management they are exposed to. These would include many of the common pasture and hay grasses such as Orchardgrass, Fescue, Bluegrass, Timothy, Switchgrass, Indiangrass, Bluestem, Bermudagrass, Crabgrass and legumes such as White Clover, Ladino clover and several other clovers, Alflafa, Birdsfoot trefoil and lespedeza.

Some plants like ryegrass have cultivars that are annual and others that are perennial. Crabgrass can come back from the roots but it sets so many seed so quickly, that once you have a good stand it will stay with you for a long time.

Of the plants named above, many were warm season plants and some were cool season plants.

Corn is the ultimate warm season plant. When it is so hot and sticky that you are uncomfortable; corn, given adequate moisture, grows so fast that the growth is almost visible. In the late spring you can measure a day’s corn growth. However any frost will damage corn terribly as it does not tolerate cold weather.

On the other hand small grains like wheat and barley and rye and canola are cool season annuals that in our state are planted in the fall and they overwinter to flower and fruit in the spring. They tolerate cool weather better than corn and in fact do not perform as well in summer heat. There are western varieties that are grown in the northwest United States that are summer varieties. Plants are amazing at their ability to adapt and perform in so many different environments.

The focus of this article is intended to be on cool season perennial forages that are common to Virginia. Within this category, what is common in the eastern coastal plain and what is common in the mountain west and southwest parts of the state may be very different.

Let’s start simple. Cool season grasses prefer the cool seasons of spring and fall. Freezing weather will cause them to go dormant, but they overwinter well. Hot dry weather will cause dormancy too and extreme heat and dry can be fatal to some cool season grasses. Generally cool season grasses and mixtures should be planted in the early fall. They can be planted in the spring but weed pressures and environmental factors are more inhibiting to a successful establishment. Summer and winter plantings need extreme luck and management to survive.

Oats is a cool season plant that has varieties that can be planted in the fall called winter oats, and also there are spring planted varieties called spring oats. Spring Oats are not cold tolerant and will winter kill. Both are annuals and both can be used as forage as silage or hay or harvested at maturity for grain and straw. The spring oats would mature at a later date. Once harvested they are essentially done. Oats are sometimes used as a nurse cover crop for new seedings of perennial forages. Now wasn’t that easy.

Timothy is a cool season perennial except in the eastern half of Virginia. While it is excellent forage and makes good grazing or hay, it is not hardy enough to persist in the hot and dry part of the commonwealth. The hay producers in eastern Virginia interseed timothy annually in their hay fields to provide it to the customers who prefer it. A spring cutting can be made and then the timothy perishes due to heat and dry conditions. Basically one could say it is the coolest of the cool season grasses with no tolerance for hot dry conditions. It can be a perennial in the high mountains and in southwest Virginia. See still easy.

Bluegrass is a cool season perennial that will persist under hay making conditions and will survive the stress of hot and dry. It will not be productive during that time but it will survive. It is a smaller finer forage that makes excellent forage but lesser tonnage than some other grasses. Does not handle stress and close grazing so it does not survive well in continuous grazed pastures.

Orchardgrass is a cool season perennial that is close to blue grass in hardiness. It is a larger and more productive plant and has a deeper root base than bluegrass. Recall that the more plant we have above ground the more root mass we have underground. It produces excellent quality forage and under well managed hay programs I have observed stands of Alfalfa and Orchardgrass that were 18 years old. It will persist in summer with moisture. If temperatures are moderate and moisture is adequate it will produce multiple hay cuttings. If these conditions are not met it will simply go dormant until favorable conditions return. It also is excellent pasture forage but it must have rest. Continuous grazing will kill Orchardgrass. Extreme drought will also kill Orchardgrass but it will survive a typical Virginia summer.
(Please refer back to Issue 2, How does your Plant Grow? For a refresher on this concept.)

Now having read the refresher and eaten a few cookies, this too is simple, Right ??
I should not reveal all this as we make good money for our scholarship fund renting no till drills to folks who plant Orchardgrass every year.

Ryegrass is both an annual and a perennial depending upon the variety. It is a vigorous and copious seed producer and if allowed to set seed will be a recurring annual. Rye grass is an easy starter and a vigorous grower and produces high quality palatable forage suitable for pasture and for hay or silage. It is useful for getting fast establishment on bare areas and is tolerant of a wide variety of growing conditions. It also is not a heat tolerant plant in either annual or perennial variety. It is the first grass to green up in the spring and the last to quit growing in the fall and I include it in my recommended mixes as it has the greatest chance at establishment. As a cool season grass it is virtually dormant in most summers but will reemerge with cooler weather and rain.

Use ryegrass with caution if you adjoin a small grain production field. Ryegrass is a serious weed in small grains and is invasive and difficult for grain producers to control. I have no desire to be implicated in causes of gunplay between neighbors.

Have you noticed a trend yet?
All of these grasses in most Virginia summers experience what is called summer slump. The heat and dry conditions are just too much for them and they shut down until conditions improve. Some more than others. Everything is still simple so far except that we don’t have any summer grass yet. We will get there later. Refer to the chart below taken from Controlled Grazing of Virginia’s Pastures for a graphic representation of what we have discussed so far.

Fescue is the most common and most abundant and hardiest and most productive of the cool season grasses. Fescue stands up to hard grazing better than any of the other cool season grasses. It will still have a summer slump because it is still a cool season grass. But it will survive. Fescue is a bit less palatable than some of the other grasses. It still makes good forage and grazing but given a buffet of ice cream, pizza, hamburgers, and brussle sprouts, the brussle sprouts don’t have to worry about me bothering em. Fescue is the forage equivalent of brussle sprouts. Eat em cause they are good for you. Yeah Mom, soon as I polish off this pizza.

Animals select the most palatable plants first and go back for regrowth as soon as it appears. They will graze around the tougher fescue until the ice cream is gone and then they will eat the brussle sprouts (fescue). This natural animal tendency puts negative pressure on the Orchardgrass and positive selection pressure on the fescue.

Fescue is a complicated grass as well. It gets a good part of it’s hardiness from an organism called an endophyte. The endophyte is a microscopic organism that lives in fescue and concentrates in the seed heads. Rather than pay rent the endophyte benefits the fescue plant contributing to the plants hardiness.

The endophyte also has the side effect of some toxicity to animals. In cattle it increases summer slump by restricting blood flow in the animal and creating over heating problems and thereby suppresses animal production and performance. It can have reproductive repercussions as well in cattle.

In horses the problem is in pregnant mares. Pregnant mares exposed to the toxic endophyte with have a high percentage of foaling problems. I will leave it to discuss with your equine practitioner for specifics.

Once the troublesome endophyte was discovered quite a few years ago, enterprising plant pathologists were successful in removing the endophyte and created;

Endophyte Free Fescue Seed is available for endophyte free fescue today and it eliminates the toxicity problems of fescue. In fact it made fescue a more palatable plant and made it more like Orchardgrass. The problem is that the endophyted free fescue is now no hardier than Orchardgrass. For the good forage manager this is not too much of a problem as the fescue can be managed right along with the Orchardgrass. For those who overgraze…..you just ran out of grass again.

The newest option is a fescue which has been developed with a novel endophyte that gives the fescue its hardiness back and yet eliminates the toxicity of old Kentucky 31. Only one seed company has this product and the seed is a bit expensive but it is a good product that works. Over time native Kentucky 31 can infiltrate a stand of Endophyte friendly fescue and it is not discernibly different.

My advice for mare owners is to keep pregnant mares off of fescue and cattle can be selected for fescue adaptability as some cattle are much more tolerant of it than others. Interseeding of fescues with other grass and particularly legumes is of great benefit. Pasture management is an integral part of managing the toxicity problems. Clipping of seed heads reduces problems greatly as well.

Matua is a new variety of brome grass that seems to be relatively well adapted to Virginia. It is a good and vigorous producer but needs management similar to Orchardgrass to maintain a good stand.

We have yet to cover warm season grasses or legumes. We will hit those in the next two topics.

Some excellent reference reading links are below for those who want to learn at a more in depth level as well as the forage seasonality chart.

The first two are basically the same. One is a web page and the other is a PDF file. I find the PDF file to be more useful.

The third link is to a list of publications by Dr. Chris Teutsch who is Virginia’s current leading authority on forages.

http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/418/418-012/418-012.pdf

http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/418/418-012/418-012.html

http://www.arec.vaes.vt.edu/southern-piedmont/people/teutsch/index.html

http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/418/418-105/418-105.html

Chart taken from controlled Grazing of Virginia’s pastures

Tate's Tips, Issue 4: Nutrients

Tate’s Tips
A Series of Reflections on growing grass for forage

Issue 4
Nutrients

Since I have gone fairly basic on this series, I might as well continue with some fundamentals.

The most fundamental elements of growing forages are the nutrients. I will try to address nutrients from a layman’s viewpoint. I will address them in what I think are the order of importance.

The most important nutrient for forage production is plain and simple water. If we have rain at normal intervals and in appropriate amounts then grass will grow. Three months of hot dry weather will leave you with nothing and you can only hope that when rains return the forages will come out of dormancy and regenerate. Enough hot and dry weather can kill any stand of grass that has been otherwise stressed. That suggests the topic of supplemental water or irrigation but we will save that as a separate topic.

Normal rainfall in central Virginia is historically about 42 inches per year. If all things were equal then that would be 8 tenths of an inch per week. But nature is seldom that predictable. 2003 is the last excellent crop year we had across the board in our area. 2009 was not a bad year but the weather patterns were extremely spotty. Parts of Caroline county suffered horribly under drought. Other parts had a great crop year.

Rainfall volume this fall has been unprecedented in my lifetime. None of us has much influence on the weather so we have to take what we can get and deal with the averages.

I deal with all kinds of crops but in this series I am talking mostly about grass forages. Summer of 2002 was a brutally dry year. But that fall in early September we had a tropical storm that brought four or five inches of rain and grass that was brown and dry sprang to life and grew at a prodigious rate through the early fall. Even fields that were a bit short on other nutrients, experienced what I refer to as compensatory growth and put forth good growth in an effort to rebuild their root reserves and survive. 2003 followed with a year of moderation in summer temperatures and regularity of rainfall. It was an excellent forage and livestock year.

Forages need water to survive, produce, flourish and reproduce. It is the first and most limiting nutrient. Nothing grows without water. A couple of years ago there was big news all over TV and the internet that Death Valley was in bloom. It had experienced the first significant rain or possibly snow in something like twenty years. In just a few weeks plants emerged, flowered, set seed. Death Valley was a place of beauty and grandeur, but it grew hot and dry again and the plants wilted and then faded under the unrelenting sun and temperatures of the climate. But those seed will lie in wait for the next rain. We have all seen the monsoon shows about the perils of the rainy and dry periods in Africa.

Normally here in temperate Virginia things are a bit more even but Mother Nature can be a cruel taskmaster. We have to talk about normal conditions, acknowledge the possibility of abnormal conditions and hope for the best.

This fall we have been dealing with scattered reports of Ark building.

Nationally syndicated garden talk show host Andre Viette recommends watering lawns deeply and inch or two at a time once every ten days. 1.15 inches of rain every 10 days would give us our annual average of 42 inches per year. Of course a little more in the hot summer and a little less in the winter would balance things nicely. But then July and August are typically the heaviest rain months of the year anyway. See……. Ma Nature is trying to help us along.

This year we went into the fall with a rainfall deficit of about 9 inches. After the rainiest November on record we are now going into winter with a rainfall surplus. Not to mention the mud surplus.

So water is the most limiting nutrient and it is the single factor that usually will make or break any cropping enterprise.

The second most limiting nutrient is pH. pH is the measure of the level of acidity or alkalinity in the soil.

Basic information. Most but not all crops prefer a pH range of 6.0 to 6.8 with 6.0 being a bit low but acceptable and 6.8 being a bit high. There are some acid loving plants like azaleas and such that prefer a lower pH but most agronomic crops will fall within the 6.0 to 6.8 range.

What does pH mean?
This is a measure of how acidic or alkaline a substance is. The initials pH stand for "Potential of Hydrogen." Acids have pH values under 7, and alkalis have pH values over 7. If a substance has a pH value of 7, it is neutral-neither acidic or alkaline.

Because the pH scale is logarithmic, a difference of one pH unit represents a tenfold, or ten times change. For example, the acidity of a sample with a pH of 5 is ten times greater than that of a sample with a pH of 6. A difference of 2 units, from 6 to 4, would mean that the acidity is one hundred times greater, and so on.

From the above information you can quickly see that the range of 6.0 to 6.8 is actually pretty broad with 6.0 being eight times more acid than 6.8.

So what does this mean when trying to grow grass? It means will your grass be happy and survive and thrive in the pH of the soil you want it to grow in. It also determines whether or not the other expensive nutrients will be used by the crop you want to grow. Excess acidity or alkalinity can inhibit uptake and use of expensive fertilizers.

At risk of sounding like a broken record the first step to good agronomy is a proper soil test. The soil test will give you a minimum of the soil pH and the Phosphorous and Potassium levels. Most soil test will give you a recommendation of what is needed if you provided information on what you wish to grow.

In this part of Virginia the natural condition is for the pH to be low. Forest land or fallow land will typically test down to 4.5. Streams running through significant portions of such land will also test low in pH. Newly cleared land in our area will almost always have a very low pH.

To correct low pH the cure is the addition of Lime. The standard for lime is Calcium Carbonate equivalent. Limes from various sources vary and the proper amount needs to be adjusted to meet the calcium carbonate equivalent. Lime may be from ground Limestone, hydrolytic lime, calcium carbonate or calcium sulfate (gypsum). Lime is usually broadcast by the ton or part thereof.

In no case is it beneficial to apply more than two tons of lime per acre. That is the maximum amount that the soil biota can metabolize and make use of. Lime does not immediately take effect. It is a slow and biological process. If pH is extremely low the standard advice is to apply up to two tons of lime in a given season and retest the soil annually for additional recommendations until proper pH is reached.

As mentioned above the level of the pH impacts the effect of other nutrients. Soil nutrition is chemistry and I am not a chemist.

Low ph is like trying to grow something in battery acid.

High pH is like trying to grow something in baking soda. Neither is a very good growth medium.
Potassium and Phosphorous are two widely needed nutrients. If you add Phosphorous to acid you will make some amount of phosphoric acid. Plants won’t grow in phosphoric acid either. If you add potassium to baking soda you will make some amount of Potassium Hydroxide which is a strong caustic and nothing will grow in that. So getting the soil pH correct is the first step to adding nutrients.

An additional good discussion of this topic is available at
http://www.heronswoodvoice.com/?utm_source=121509-Balancing-Garden-Soils&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Hvoice

Phosphorous this section is taken from earthworks at http://www.soilfirst.com/tnm_02_1998.htm

Phosphorous is perhaps the most misunderstood of all the basic plant nutrients. An anion, phosphorous is very reactive, and often tied up in the soil with calcium and other cations. These calcium-phosphate bonds are often very hard to break, especially in biologically weak soils, leaving the plant deficient. Phosphorous is found in all plant tissue but is most pronounced in the seeds, flowers and youngest shoots. It is the backbone of many enzyme and amino acid systems, including photosynthesis. It regulates the breakdown of carbohydrates and energy transfer. Without phosphorous, cell division is weakened and plant growth suffers. These deficiencies can lead to plant stress, susceptibility to disease, insect attack, and even weed infiltration.
Potassium
Potassium is often referred to as "the band director." It helps to direct free nutrients (such as carbon, hydrogen and oxygen) out of the atmosphere and into the plant. Without this activity photosynthesis would be severely restricted and the plant would struggle to make starches, sugars, proteins, vitamins, enzymes and cellulose. Potassium aids in helping the plant through the cold of the winter and the heat of the summer. In short, when potassium is out of balance plant stress is very high. However, one of the great fallacies in our industry is that you can not overdo potassium. You can overdo everything!
Potassium is a positively charged cation and should saturate only 3 - 5% of the soil colloid. When too much potassium is used, other important cations suffer, most notably calcium and magnesium. In fact, potassium can drive pH more aggressively than magnesium or calcium by quickly replacing them and creating an imbalance in base saturation. Potassium tends to be relatively mobile in the plant. When excesses occur not only does the soil suffer, but imbalances are created intra-cellularly and stress is actually created. As soil pH climbs above 6.5, potassium mobility slows down, and as the soil reaches 7.0 mobility is severely hindered.
Nitrogen
“..any nutrient introduced to the soil is first digested by micro-organisms before the plant has a chance to eat.” Joel Simmons
Without nitrogen there would be no photosynthesis and, therefore, no plant. However, nitrogen is also the most overused nutrient in our industry, and the negative impact it can have on the soil ( and water) can be tremendous.

Urea > ammonia (NH3) >nitrite (NO2) > nitrate (NO3) >into the plant.(The arrows in this diagram represent soil microbes which are responsible for breaking down the nitrogen fertilizer into plant usable forms.)

Nitrogen (N) is a key nutrient in manipulating plant growth. Most nursery/floral producers use large quantities of N fertilizers in a "blanket" attempt to meet the needs of their crops. However a thorough understanding of N nutrition Can be useful in optimizing both the concentration and form of N best suited for the plant species, stage of growth, time of year and production objectives.Plants require N in relatively large quantities and in forms that are readily available.Nitrogen metabolism is a well studied and a vital aspect of plant growth. Nitrogen is one of the important building blocks in amino acids:
HR C COOHNH2
Amino acids are typically made up of an amino group (NH2), carbon (C), a carboxyl group COOH), and a variety of molecular structures (R) which define individual amino acids (glycine, serine, licine, alanine, etc.). When these amino acids link together in long chains they form proteins. Proteins are also vital components in a variety of metabolic pathways and processes. Proteins makeup the molecular structure of DNA, RNA and a host of other critical metabolic processes required for plant growth. When N is deficient in plants restricted growth of tops and roots and especially lateral shoots may occur. Plants also become spindly with a general chlorosis of entire plant to a light green and then a yellowing of older leaves. This condition may proceed toward younger leaves. Older leaves defoliate early.

Since I am now on page 6, this might be a good place to stop and take a nutrient break and assimilate the little nuggets we have taken in so far.

Thoughts on Cover Crops by Jim Tate

Hanover – Caroline Soil and Water Conservation District

Recently I have had a couple of people tell me that we do not do a very good job of distributing information regarding cost share and in particular Cover Crops.
We send out mailings. We produce a newsletter four times per year, we have a web site and more recently a blog. We participate in producer meetings every year. We attend extension events and field days, often on the program. We have e-mail addresses and we have telephones. We have not yet taken up billboards but funding is tight.

Thus I am writing this article and intend to distribute it to all for whom I have an E-mail Address, post to our district blog and possibly submit to our next newsletter; but we just sent out a newsletter so it may be a while before it shows up there. We will provide the information in any venue we can find.

Cover Crops are a priority of the Chesapeake Bay powers that be. Significant research has shown that properly grown cover crops are an excellent method for reducing soil loss and uptake of excess nutrients, particularly nitrogen. To be significantly grown the cover crops have to be planted in a timely fashion and allowed to achieve some growth and root development prior to the onset of cold weather. As a result, for several years, cover crops have been, and continue to be, a priority for the Virginia Agricultural Cost Share program.

Cover Crops are a very popular practice in our district and annually the signup increases, which increases the competition for the funding.

There are actually four cover crop practices. Below are links to the Ag BMP manual specification for each practice.

All cover crops have nutrient management language in them and the cover crops need to be reflected in the participants nutrient management plan. I will discuss each one briefly.

SL-8 Specialty Cropland Cover Crop
http://webdat.dcr.virginia.gov/agbmpman/SL-8.pdf

The Sl-8 is designed as a cover crop for land that is used for production of specialty crops. These are things like vegetables and tobacco.

This cover crop has a flat rate payment which is currently $35.00 per acre. It is the least restrictive of the cover crops allowing more options of what can be planted and the cover can be planted in winter or summer as needed but must remain in place for a minimum of ninety days.

SL-8B Small Grain Cover Crop for Nutrient Management and Residue Management http://webdat.dcr.virginia.gov/agbmpman/SL-8B.pdf

The SL-8B is the most popular cover crop. This is in part due to its higher payment level which was instituted to do what it did, which was encourage more participation in cover crops.

It is also the most complicated and has the most restrictions. I will try to simplify as much as possible.

It has Planting dates and it has two payment rates associated with early and late planting. The planting dates are broken down further by climatic zones of the state. Here in Hanover and Caroline we are in the coastal plain and our early planting date is October 25th and the regular planting date is November 15th. Cover crops may not be killed down or tilled until March 15th.

These dates are a constant source of inquiry and suggestion. The dates are not arbitrary. They were created by Va Tech based on climatic data and frost zones and timing. The State Ag BMP committee is annually besieged with requests to change these dates for producer driven reasons. The dates are not cast in stone; but they are cast in research driven data. The dates as well as the cover crop specifications are open to new verifiable peer reviewed data.

There is a premium paid for planting before the early planting date.

There is an additional premium paid for using rye as the cover crop.

There are reasons for both of these factors. Rye has been demonstrated to be a superior scavenger of nitrogen which reduces leaching loses to the water table and it sequesters and recycles the nitrogen back to the soil in an organic state which is more environmentally friendly.

The early payment is to encourage early plant establishment to facilitate nitrogen scavenging in the fall before leaching occurs. Once the nitrogen is leached out then scavenging and recycling is a mute point.

Early fall cover crops are primarily for nitrogen scavenging and are intended to go behind corn or other crops where there is a chance of residual chemical nitrogen.

This is not to negate or minimize the benefits of later planted cover crops as soil conservation tools or biomass and soil building tools and these benefits are real; but if the crop is late planted, the at risk nitrogen will have a greater probability of being gone in surface runoff with fall rains or having moved down the soil profile and leached to the groundwater.

We have had several producers offer this year that they have been unable to get their cover crops planted in a timely fashion behind their beans because the beans were slow to ripen or because the ground was too wet to harvest beans.

While a cover crop at any time or behind any crop has benefits to the soil, the SL-8B early payment was designed to go behind high nitrogen fertilized crops which have the probability of residual nitrogen.

Additionally this year NRCS presented an additional payment for aerial seeding of cover crops into standing crops such as beans. This practice will probably be extended by NRCS if it is accepted by producers and shows some success.

We often have request for new species of cover crops under the SL-8B. There are valid reasons for the requests. However the Chesapeake Bay Water Quality Model gives points to each state for specific criteria related to water quality. The model has been somewhat inflexible in accepting new cover species again due to a lack of peer reviewed data.

Having said that:

There is no prohibition against adding other species to a small grain cover crop. To clarify: If you plant, for example, a rye cover crop drilled at 2 bushels per acre, there is no reason you can not add crimson clover or forage radishes or hairy vetch or other plant species to your cover mix. No, the program will not increase payment for the other species but the early payment rates are lucrative now and producers have the freedom to include other species for production benefit.

WQ-4 Legume Cover Crop
http://webdat.dcr.virginia.gov/agbmpman/WQ-4.pdf

This leads directly to the Legume cover crop, WQ-4 . The purpose of this practice is to encourage the use of organic nitrogen and the reduction of chemical nitrogen on subsequent grain crops.

The practice currently pays a flat rate of $35.00 per acre. There are some planting dates but they vary by species of legume cover. The cover crop can be planted by a variety of methods but the grain crop following is intended to be no tilled into the cover crop residue. The producer has to certify the reduction in chemical nitrogen application due to use of this cost share practice.

Grazing is not allowed with this WQ-4 cover crop practice. This is a very nice and underused practice that has a lot of benefit for producers.

SL-8H Harvestable Cover Crop
http://webdat.dcr.virginia.gov/agbmpman/SL-8H.pdf

The SL-8H is the harvestable cover crop. This practice was developed in recent years along with the no residue no till (SL-15B) as practices that could be used by double crop forage producers to incentivize reducing tillage and keeping a living cover on the silage land. It includes fall and winter nutrient application restrictions as do all of the cover crops. No Nutrients of any type may be applied before March 1st. However, where animals are a part of the producers operation, and subject to conditions in the specification, animal manures may be applied in accordance with a nutrient management plan.

There is a flat rate per acre payment of $25.00. This practice is not designed for cash grain production. There is a 300 acre limit per producer for this practice.

All planting dates are the same as the early dates for the regular cash grain cover crop and there are no late dates. There are no additional premiums in this practice.

Kill dates for all cover crop practices are not before March 15th. The exception is the WQ-4 which is multi season applicable and must be maintained a minimum of 90 days from establishment.

Forage production 3

Tate’s Tips
A Series of Reflections on growing grass for forage

Issue 3.
NATURES PUZZLES

I have been reminded to tell folks that this is a blog which is basically one mans opinions and that I have no qualifications whatsoever to give any advice. For real advice contact the Virginia Extension Service. They are the designated hitters.

Now that we have discussed how plants grow in general, we ought to talk a little bit about the other factors that influence plant growth and the general balance of nature.

Plants are widely varied in nature and over the millennia have adapted to survive in a wide variety of situations and climates. Giant fir trees grow in the Pacific Northwest United States. Coconut Palms and Bananas grow in tropical climates. The trees in a southern forest are not necessarily the same trees found in a northern forest. In the southeast United States improved Bermuda grass is the standard. In the North central and Northeast Fescue and or Orchard grass would be the standard.

There are wetland plants and dry upland plants. Cold tolerant plants and heat tolerant plants. Annuals Biannuals and perennials. We will discuss all of these in turn.

The point is that nothing occurs in a vacuum. People love to try to influence plant communities and exert their will, but every action in nature has a reaction. Sometimes the reaction is good and sometimes it is not. It is not nice to fool with Mother Nature.

One of the things that I deal with in my job is folks who wish to clear land for agricultural purposes. Sometimes it is land well suited for agriculture. Often times it is not. Wetlands don’t make good agricultural land and in most cases today wetlands are protected. Steep land which is covered in trees is covered in trees because people figured out years ago that trees were the best use for the land and that growing trees was easier than fighting erosion all your life. Forest that is managed in a sustainable manner can provide income over the years, but most people today insist that it must be clear cut and replanted on a shorter cycle. Sometimes all of our efficiency methods and improved management are not all that improved. Nature does not grow tress or most other plants in a monoculture.

Steep land without a very good cover will erode when it rains. Sometimes steep land with a very good cover will erode. Mother Nature is sometimes a very cruel mistress.

But people who have purchased land figure they own the land and as long as they pay their taxes they should be able to do what they want to do. This is true to some extent. Landowners should be aware that wetlands greater than 1/10 of and acre ( that is 4,365 square feet or an area 66 feet by 66 feet) are under the jurisdiction of the Army Corps of Engineers. If you want real trouble, just go fill in your jurisdictional wetland. Also erosion from your land which fouls public waters is actionable. But again I digress from the topic at hand. I can’t help it. I am from the government and I am here to help you. ( Please reread and repeat blog disclaimer above here.)

Plants help prevent soil loss. Plants and the soil are intricately intertwined. Yes there are plants that grow in a crack in a rock and there are plants that float but generally plants and soil have a dynamic mutual relationship. Even in those examples plants are involved in building soil. As we discussed previously, plants soil, water and sunshine and the magic of photosynthesis takes place.

If we are growing vegetables then the only thing else necessary is management to grow the preferred plant at the preferred time for the intended vegetable.

If we are growing grazing forages then in addition to management we may need to consider the livestock. We have identified the basic pieces of a simple puzzle. I borrowed this puzzle idea from Robert Shoemaker of Va. DCR. He kindly offered me the use of his slides but after talking with him, I found it just as easy to create a few that were easily customizable.

The soil contributes basic properties of fertility and alkalinity or acidity, productivity, leachability, depth to bedrock, water holding capacity, cation exchange capacity, organic matter, particle size and topography.

The plant community must be adapted to the environment and sustainable in order to stabilize the soil and produce a useful energy product. The plant interaction with the soil, its root penetration ability, Its water and nutrient uptake potential, its hardiness and its productivity are all factors.

Water and the water holding capacity of the soil and the depth to water table and annual rainfall will influence each particular plant species ability to survive in the given location.

Both of these factors influence what plants will survive on the soil. If the plant that survives is a cactus or a red root pigweed then the livestock business is going to be tough going. If it is a nice cool season grass mix with some palatable legumes, then things will be a little easier.

Similarly the livestock will have an impact on the soil and the plants. Consider our previous discussion on the impact of too frequent grazing on young plants. Different plants have different palatability’s and different animals prefer different plants. Livestock also impact soil fertility through their grazing patterns and hoof actions and returns to the land and this distribution varies widely by species of livestock.

Then there is the wildcard. Remember two of Mother Natures rules.
Nature abhors a vacuum. Every action in nature will create a reaction. You take something away and another thing will fill its space.

MANAGEMENT…..or lack of same…….this is the source of most problems. Nature left to it’s own devices will find the proper balance of all the other factors. Just as is the case in your and my jobs, unless you are self employed, that balance is usually not what is desired by MANAGEMENT. Not all MANAGEMENT is evil. Heck I have been a manager and even I am not totally evil. But management will influence the natural factors.

Too much lime applied by MANAGEMENT will affect the pH of the soil which will in turn change the survivability of the plant species and this will effect the livestock and possibly the erosion potential of the land. Eroding land will pollute the water.

MANAGEMENT with a goal of continuously stocking three cows per acre and maintaining Orchardgrass and clover better have a good plan B. MANAGEMENT with a goal of stocking fifty head per acre on mixed grass pasture and moving the herd twice a day with 35 days rest between grazing might have a workable plan.

MANAGEMENT that tends to focus too much on one segment of production will invariably do so at the expense of the other segments. In this example an over stock of livestock is at the expense of the plant, soil and water resources and MANAGEMENT is of reduced effectiveness.

In this example a reduction in water resources through a drought demands an increased level of MANAGEMENT to have any hope of salvaging anything like status quo in the other areas. Typically in a water reduction situation all segments will be negatively affected but effective MANAGEMENT will minimize the negative impacts.

This is probably a more accurate depiction of how a drought situation would be graphically depicted.

This brings to mind some quotes I recently ran across from a noted grazier and cattle producer, Kit Pharo.

“As I travel around the country, I have found that many producers try to run enough cows to keep up with their highest grass production. This forces them to feed hay when grass production decreases – often for several months. The most profitable producers that I know of have a stocking rate that matches their lowest grass production. For the most part, this eliminates the necessity of feeding hay. To take care of their high-grass production periods, they utilize stocker animals – often of their own raising.”

Kit Pharo


“Although it has been well proven for over 20 years that we can dramatically increase grass production through Planned Rotational Grazing and/or Management Intensive Grazing and/or Mob Grazing, I suspect less than 5% of cow-calf producers practice any of these grass management concepts. Why is that?”

Kit Pharo

"Feeding hay is often the result of poor grass management and/or having too many cows. Jim Gerrish says, “The average producer in Minnesota feeds hay for 130 days. The average producer in Missouri feeds hay for 130 days – and the average producer in Mississippi feeds hay for 130 days.” What does this tell you? Does it make sense?"

Kit Pharo

“You MUST manage your land resources in such a way that you make the most efficient use of the FREE solar energy and rainfall that falls on it. Planned Rotational Grazing and/or Management Intensive Grazing and/or Mob Grazing have been well proven to increase forage production (and beef production) by 50 to 200 percent – while improving the land. WOW! Believe it or not, the cost to do this is minimal.”

Kit Pharo


I believe all of the above to have a high degree of truth to it and these are all elements of MANAGEMENT.

Or as I heard one farmer say a long time ago. “Heck man, I already know how to farm twice as good as I do now. I just don’t have time to do it.”

But as my mother used to tell me, “If you have time to do it over, you have time to do it right.”

I would conclude by saying don’t let MANAGEMENT goals get in the way of proper management and environmental stewardship. If it is good for the land and the environment, then it is good for you.

Tate’s Tips
A Series of Reflections on growing grass for forage

Issue 2.
How does your grass grow?

I have been reminded to tell folks that this is a blog which is basically one mans opinions and that I have no qualifications whatsoever to give any advice. For real advice contact the Virginia Extension Service. They are the designated hitters.

In order to discuss forage management and culture we must have some fundamental understanding of grass.

While my agricultural career has been animal based, there would be no animals without the magic of plants. One thing that I have learned over the years is that all things are related and that you can not change one thing without having an impact somewhere else.

At risk of giving away one of my good routines with third graders when we are teaching about soils, I challenge them to give me the name of a food that they like to eat that does not come from the soil. We then go through a series of interactive questions tracing their food suggestions back to the soil. It is a simple and fun process where I get to see a lot of little light bulbs light up over some heads. A few blank looks as well but a lot of light bulbs, sometimes even from the adults with the kids. I usually end up by telling them that without soil we would not have anything to eat, no oxygen to breathe, and no wool or cotton or leather for clothes or shoes, no wood to build houses and no clean water to drink and that if we could survive we would be standing on a rock, naked and hungry and gasping for breath. I have had kids tell me eight years later that they remember that.

The point is that all things in the natural world are related. Like it or not we are a part of the natural world. What we do influences how we live.

Grass is a fundamental part of that natural world. It is one of the miracles of the plant world. Plants perform the miracle of life every day. Plants take water and nutrients from the soil and through the miracle of photosynthesis, combine them with sunshine and create life and energy. That energy is stored in leaves and stems and roots.

Below is a graphical depiction of the process:

Just as described the roots take water and nutrients from the soil and carbon dioxide from the air and manufacture energy in the form of sugars and emits oxygen for the plant, giving us both energy and air.


The next illustration shows that the process occurs both on land and in the water with phyto-plankton being the basis of energy and life in the oceans. The smart third grade kids always think they have got me when they bring up a seafood item, but I am fortunately not nearly as dumb as I look.


For more detailed information on the processes above do some light reading on the Calvin Cycle which will take you through the chemical process of converting carbon into long chain sugars. That is more chemistry than I am capable of conveying.

The plant then uses the sugars for energy and for complex carbohydrate and protein building and in many cases conversion to lignin which gives the plant its structural component. The more complex the component that the plant builds then generally the less digestible the plant is and the more long term and woody the plant becomes. But photosynthesis is the engine that drives it all. Take away the sunlight…….Game over. Take away the water…..Game over. Take away the nutrients……..you guessed it, Game over.

Plants start from seed or in some cases from vegetative cuttings. At first they are energy users. Seeded plants rely on energy stored in the seed to produce a tap root and the first leaves. As the root begins to accumulate moisture and nutrients the leaves begin the photosynthesis process and the plant builds itself and begins to store energy. The stored energy is what we benefit from when we eat corn or rice or beans or any other type of seed crop. That is the energy that is to sustain the new plant.

The plant builds itself by adding leaves and stems and roots. Generally for every bit of plant that you can see above ground there is an equivalent amount of plant underground. Energy is stored in all parts of the plant but the main functions of the root are assimilation and transport of water and nutrients and the storage of energy. A beneficial side effect of the root function is to hold the plant securely in the earth.

Like all living things the plant is driven to go through its growth cycle and reproduce. After reproduction the plant is pretty content to go into a retirement mode and enjoy life. When and how plants reproduce influences their other characteristics.

Lets talk about grasses. Lets visualize spring in fast forward. The ground warms and the robins arrive and the spring rains and sunshine begin to refresh the face of the earth. The brown tones of winter take on a greenish hue and before we know it the hum of your neighbors 46 horsepower lawnmower arouses you from a sound sleep at 7:00 am on a Sunday Morning. As you arise you wonder why that fine gentleman who needs to arise so early to commune with nature and his maker can’t go to church instead of cutting his grass.

Those things aside let us examine the grass. As discussed above that grass plant wants to put roots deep into the ground and send leaves and stems upward to reproduce. It takes advantage of the warming temperatures and the lengthening daylight and produces at a prodigious rate. There are days in the spring when you can actually see corn grow. The grass is similar but harder to see.

Let us use a little analogy at this point. Think of the grass plant as a small business that produces chocolate chip cookies.

The small business would go to the bank or to their rich uncle and borrow start up capital to buy flower and chocolate chips and milk and sugar and eggs and an oven, packaging supplies marketing capital etc. ------- The plant gets its start up capital from the seed energy.

The first few batches of cookies are made and packaged and distributed. A few dollars came in and you are ready to buy supplies for the next batch and the friendly health inspector shows up and quarantines the kitchen because you need blah- blah- blah to meet the health code regulations. This takes all the income and also a little more which means another trip on bended knee to the bank or uncle.

The livestock equivalent is your horse, cow, goat, pig, llama, alpaca or other grazing animal coming along and grazing the plant prematurely. The plant reaches into the roots and pulls out whatever energy it has been able to store and attempts to regenerate its leaves.

A few weeks go by and the health code needs have been purchased and implemented and cookies are baking and the aroma is wonderful and draws in the business inspector who needs to verify that you have all the proper permits. Naturally to operate a cookie business you must have the appropriate local and state permits even the ones you never heard of and by the way you must have industrial electrical service and so the business is shut down again until you complete the upgrade. Again all income is disbursed in this transaction and the bank account is again depleted and you still have not paid the egg bill this month.

The animal equivalent is the plant being grazed off to ground level again before it has had time to bank any reserves.

Properly permitted and electrified you once again begin to bake and even launch a new flavor cookie created while the business was dormant. You go along for a while and are putting cookies in the distribution chain and folks love them and some income comes in and sales take off and you acquire a major grocery distributor who wants a thousand dozen a week. Sales are so good that you need a bigger truck to deliver cookies. Back into the bank account. A truck costs how much? And I need a CDL driver because it has air brakes and the insurance cost how much?

The animal equivalent is yet another grazing before the plant has banked any root reserves. But the plant struggles and puts forth a new stem or two and endeavors to survive. But it takes longer for the plant to push that stem and those first leaves up. Moisture is a little deeper in the ground than it was when it was planted and the roots have not yet made it that far down.

The cookie business resumes and the banker or the rich uncle who have been carrying you see a business with new improvements and new permits and a new contract for cookies and even a new truck. They are thrilled and begin to talk about a return on their investment.

One day there is a fire in the kitchen and you are shut down for another two weeks trying to get things rebuilt and repaired and repermitted. No income and more bills.

The animal equivalent is another grazing of the forage portion of the plant.

Then some kid comes down with swine flu and his mother holds a press conference to declare that it must have come from those new cookies that little Johnnie loved so. She had learned that they were made using animal products. Sales cease. The big contract is cancelled. The health department swoops in and orders a recall of all the cookies and the kitchen is closed down until testing can prove that there is no contamination or danger to the children. You are forced to throw up your hands and take bankruptcy. All the assets of the business are put up for sale to satisfy the creditors. You have nothing, and try hard to get a job at the local bakery but your reputation is shot and no one will hire you.

The animal equivalent is the plant is grazed yet again before it establishes any root reserves and unable to draw up any resources it expires and its spot is taken by a pokeberry or hardy horse nettle or red root pigweed, which your grazing animal will not eat.

The take home message is that the key to maintaining a desirable stand of grass is that the plants must have time to rest and regenerate. Generally, after grazing or mowing, a plant takes about five days to begin to put up new shoots. The closer it is grazed the longer it takes. If it is stressed it take longer. If it is 95 degrees and dry it takes still longer. Under optimum conditions a forage plant needs thirty five days to rebuild its productive forage base and its root storage. Under stress conditions the rest phase may need to be longer. If after five days dear pony (or other grazing creature) is standing there to clip off the tasty new shoot, the plant is in danger.


Grazing management is a key to maintaining a forage base.

Tate's Tips: A Series of Reflections on Growing Grass & Forage

Issue 1: An Introduction

by Jim Tate

As a lifelong stockman who has worked in some phase of agriculture for all of my working life, and now celebrating ten years in working in conservation, grass and forage have always been an important aspect of my life. In the early years it was something I took for granted. In the middle years it was something to be nurtured and improved and like everyone else I sought miracle cures and magical species to solve our forage problems.

Here in recent years I have finally come to the realization that we actually know very little about grass around here. Spoiled by normally abundant rainfall, to the tune of 42 inches per year on average, we have culturally adapted to the mismanagement of our forage resources.

As I look down the barrel of the 22nd anniversary of my 39th birthday and as I walked through the pasture checking calving cows for new babies, I observed the grass in the pasture and I reflected on how much I had learned about grass in the last few years and how much I still did not know. This general reflection is normal at this stage of life and is broad in spectrum, but I will try to remain relevant to forage.

It occurred to me that so much of the conventional wisdom that I had accumulated in my life, particularly in the area of growing grass, was of significantly less value than the souvenirs the grazing cattle had left in their wake. I had an epiphany of sorts. I have always viewed myself as having a different paradigm, but did I really. My answer was no……but I needed a different one.

I have been raised for nearly all of my life in the area of post World War 2 national prosperity and production driven agriculture. Let me be abundantly clear here. The prosperity was national and general and not particularly agricultural. For decades the farm commodity prices have stayed low and farmers had to be more productive and get greater yields and farm more acres to manage to cover the costs and stay in business.

Our whole agricultural system has been geared toward greater productivity in every aspect my entire life. Cheap commercial fertilizer has facilitated this drive toward ever increasing production goals. Sustainability was only mentioned in macro terms of sustaining agriculture and seldom in sustaining anything at the cost of lower production.
For some this gave rise to the organic movement which in and of itself is a good thing, but in my view the practitioners have gotten caught up in a cycle of certification and marketing lingo and a competition of who is more organic than whom. The tight “organic” standards and certification criteria have given rise to the “all natural” category of products.

But I digress. My intention is to discuss principles of agronomic grass production and to address needed changes brought about by the economy and production needs. When the phone rings today and folks ask advice in improving a pasture, if I give the same answers I gave a couple of years ago, I need to be prepared to give audio CPR over the phone as the standard advice of a few years ago can be grab your chest and protect your wallet expensive today. What I hope to do here is to create a series of articles that we can post on line as a resource to use in thinking about forage production and livestock management. I don’t have much of a plan, but that is my nature. I am a seat of the pants kind of guy who has had so many plans kicked out from under him that I now prefer to go with the flow and using the old army lingo, improvise, adapt and overcome and survive.

Generally I want to discuss elements of production, species and varieties of plants and animals, natural factors, unnatural factors, livestock management, and production techniques.

The first and most important topic will be basic plant physiology. All of this work is intended to be in layman’s terms so that I can understand it. Occasionally I may site scientific work which has been interpreted for me by the scholars of forage in my life. I will also digress from scientific knowledge at times and give the unique perspective of the life experience of a beat up old cowboy, because my focus will be on sustainability rather than production and most research is production oriented.

It occurs to me that you may have asked yourself by now, “Exactly what qualifies this yahoo to even address the topic?”

The answer is nothing in particular. I am the son of the son of the son of a farmer. One of my earliest recollections was of riding the mule as my daddy cultivated the family garden plot. Who among you today has a garden plot of sufficient size to require a mule for cultivations? I also recall riding that mule once in a runaway after plowing up a bees nest. Well I rode him for a ways anyway before I hit the ground.

I was raised by a Strawberry Roan horse named Miss Lucy who instilled in me a love for large animals which led to living my life through agricultural pursuits.

I have a B.S in Animal Science from Virginia Tech.
I have been in the Registered Angus business in one way or another for over 34 years now.
While we have sold most of the herd, I still have few to keep me broke and honest.

A member and past president of the Va BCIA, member of the Culpeper BCIA Bull Test committee, life member of the American Angus Association, member of numerous horse organizations including the Virginia Horse Council.

I am an NRCS certified level I conservation planner.
I am a certified nutrient management planner and scheduled to take the course and test for the new turf grass and landscape certification as well.
Back in the day before round balers, I was the machine of choice for hay movement.

I currently lay unverified claim to owning the prettiest Gray PMU rescue in Hanover County.

In general I am an old man with opinions, and I am not afraid to share ‘em.

Questions or Comments about this post? E-mail: Jim.Tate@va.nacdnet.net